The new structures of society were marked by the differentiation of the two functionally intermeshing systems that had taken shape around the organizational cores of the capitalist enterprise and the bureaucratic state apparatus. What Weber depicted was not only the secularization of Western culture, but also and especially the development of modern societies from the viewpoint of rationalization. (See also: Tripartite classification of authority) Traditional authorities in rationalized societies also tend to develop a rational-legal base to better ensure a stable accession. In charismatic authority, the death of a leader effectively ends the power of that authority, and only through a rationalized and bureaucratic base can this authority be passed on. Weber believed that a move towards rational-legal authority was inevitable. In these works he alludes to an inevitable move towards rationalization. Weber continues his investigation into this matter in later works, notably in his studies on bureaucracy and on the classifications of authority. The rational consequences of this doctrine, he argued, soon grew incompatible with its religious roots, and so the latter were eventually discarded. Weber demonstrated rationalization in The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, in which the aims of certain Protestant Theologies, particularly Calvinism, are shown to have shifted towards rational means of economic gain as a way of dealing with their 'salvation anxiety'. A rejection of dialectism and sociocultural evolution informs the concept. The term was presented by the profoundly influential German antipositivist Max Weber, though its themes bear parallel with the critiques of modernity set forth by a number of scholars. Rationalization formed a central concept in the foundation of classical sociology, particularly with respect to the emphasis the discipline placed – by contrast with anthropology – on the nature of modern Western societies. John Harriss, The Second Great Transformation? Capitalism at the End of the Twentieth Century 1992 Capitalism Marx and Engels associated the emergence of modern society above all with the development of capitalism for Durkheim it was connected in particular with industrialization and the new social division of labour which this brought about for Weber it had to do with the emergence of a distinctive way of thinking, the rational calculation which he associated with the Protestant Ethic (more or less what Marx and Engels speak of in terms of those 'icy waves of egotistical calculation'). The founders of sociology had critical reaction to rationalization: Many sociologists, critical theorists and contemporary philosophers have argued that rationalization, falsely assumed as progress, has had a negative and dehumanizing effect on society, moving modernity away from the central tenets of Enlightenment. Whilst many locals view them as an important part of their culture and traditions, development initiatives and aid workers have tried to rationalize the practice in order to educate the local people in modern medicine and practice. An example of rationalization in place would be the case of witch doctors in certain parts of Africa. Countries are becoming increasingly interlinked, and with the rise of technology, it is easier for countries to influence each other through social networking, the media and politics. A potential reason as to why rationalization of a culture may take place in the modern era is the process of globalization. An example of rationalization can be seen in the implementation of bureaucracies in government is a kind of rationalization, as is the construction of high-efficiency living spaces in architecture and urban planning. This term can be applied to people who can perform speech or in general any action, in addition to the views of rationality within people it can be seen in the perspective of something such as a worldview or perspective (idea). The term rational is seen in the context of people, their expressions, and or their actions. Rationalization (or rationalisation) is the replacement of traditions, values, and emotions as motivators for behaviour in society with concepts based on rationality and reason. In sociology, the term rationalization was coined by Max Weber, a German sociologist, jurist, and economist. For other uses, see Rationalization (economics) and Rationalization (psychology).
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